Learning to ride horses and becoming a student again has been an interesting experience. Each week, I get to see things from the viewpoint of a learner (often, a struggling learner!).
Growing up, I had a pony named Taffy. I rode her bareback, bitless and fearless. I learned early on to grip with my legs, because it was a survival skill—you grip or you fall off. Taffy was headstrong, too, and I was only eight years old and I’d never had a lesson. If Taffy got it into her head to make a run for the stables, all I could do was grab a handful of mane, grip with my short legs, and hang on tight.
Fast forward thirty-five years, and I had my first lesson at an English riding barn on a young Paint named Rhythm. The first time I sat in the saddle, my natural inclination—my ingrained habit after riding Taffy bareback as a child—was to lean slightly forward, gripping Rhythm with my legs.
Well, to Rhythm, being squeezed meant “Take off!”—and so she did. My trainer has nerves of steel, and she calmly talked me through the process of sitting back in the saddle with my legs hanging down loosely. Fortunately for me, my trainer is also quite patient, because she has had to remind me for two years to sit back in the saddle.
On the other hand, my son learned to ride in his late teens, and he didn’t have any habits to “unlearn.” He was like a blank slate, and he learned how to do everything correctly right from the beginning. He didn’t have to fight ingrained habits.
What does this story have to do with teaching? Well, think about a student who has been spelling a word incorrectly for some time as compared to a student who has never spelled the word before the lesson.
It’s natural and normal for someone with an ingrained habit to struggle to “unlearn” what he’s always done and “relearn” a new way of writing that misspelled word. It’s also natural for the student who has never written the word to capture correct spelling more easily.
As for me and my ingrained habits…well, I think I finally licked the habit of leaning forward in the saddle! Determination—and a good partnership with my new horse, Kjarkur –have got me finally sitting back, relaxed.
How about you—have you ever had a hard time “unlearning” a habit?
About Marie Rippel
I have been working with my son by unteaching him the stuff that he learned in Public School. I have been trying to teach him a easier less stressful way to do stuff. Its a long process.
I have experienced this with my oldest son in handwriting. When he was little, I let him form letters as he liked thinking I would start official handwriting later in kindergarten–what was I thinking!! We have had to unlearn many bad habits while my younger two have started out on the right path–so much better!!
My daughter and I have been “unlearning” a lot of spelling habits as well. She’s in 6th grade, and this is our first year with “All About Spelling”. The lessons are so easily presented and implemented! We are just about to start our 3rd book! I can only think of 2 spelling words she has ever missed as we’ve gone through the lessons. That is a sure sign that she is learning the material as we go! Thank you, Marie!
I found out my son is dyslexic after teaching 6 different phonics curriculum. Of those 6(all highly popular and supposedly effective) 4 of them taught
some of the basic rules that aren’t correct the majority of the time. I wish I had not put the money, time or energy into them. No wonder he was confused in his reading attempts. He is now doing so well, with a phonics intervention program that is working very well for him.
I can’t think of anything right now that I’ve had to unlearn (though, I’m sure the list is pretty long), but I do want to mention to you how much I have learned using AAS the past three months with my children. We chose AAS as our spelling/phonics program to use this first year of homeschooling and there are so many rules I had never heard before that make understanding the way words are spelled much easier than just memorizing a list. Two quick stories.
First, my daughter (2nd grade) is a natural speller (gifted in all things language). However, we began her AAS instruction in level 1 to make sure she had a good foundation before moving on to the higher levels. This was a hard pill to swallow for me because one reason I brought her home was so she could receive academic acceleration. However, after now completing levels 1 and 2 with her I’m so glad that I did go back. She truly did learn a few new things and feels even more confident with her writing. I believe going back will do more to accelerate her in the long run than having skipping ahead. Now, we just have to order level 3.
Second, my son is 4 and is using AAS level 1 with the readers right now. He’s almost done with it, because like his sister, he’s advanced academically. I am amazed at what he can read and spell due to this program. Just the other day my youngest (3 and also a pretty smart fellow) asked him what FPT spelled (he was trying to write flipped on his paper) and my 4 year old said, “Nothing, there’s no vowel.” Well, the youngest went back to it, stretched out the word again to listen for a vowel and wrote an I right after that F. I was tickled! Thank you so much for this program! Oh, and I LOVE the emails…always so informative. I save the ones I find especially helpful in a special folder so I can refer back to them often.
thelacy4 @ windstream . net
Love your story about unlearning. For years I gave riding instructions and the one’s that had never ridden were so much easier…..
My son had 3 years of public school which took appx. 3 years of unlearning some of the things that were taught. All about spelling has been a God send for us. He is a very hands on visual learner. I call it “high maintenance” (like a horse you just keep feeding and it won’t put on weight) I wish we had discovered it from the beginning of our homeschool journey. Thanks Marie, youv’e made teaching easier!
In addition to homeschooling, I’m also a piano teacher. I’ve always insisted on being very careful of teaching for the long term — I don’t want to introduce any rules that I’m going to have to break down the road.
Thank you! This post reminds me that I am making the right decision to homeschool my children. With the AAL program, I am confident that I can teach them them to read, spell, and write the right way the first time! No unlearning here! ;0)
Hard time unlearning something? The first thing that came to my mind was when child #2 was born having to unlearn calling him by her name… Sometimes at the first time of meeting someone we think we heard their name was such-and-such and it’s so hard to relearn it when we find out we were wrong!
I teach piano and it is so hard for students to unlearn wrong hand positions or fingerings. It’s so much easier to teach beginning students than to jump in with another student who already had another teacher who used different methods. But I’m glad I get to teach older students too, because it keeps me on my toes and reminds me why those younger students need to care about those minor details.
Although my children are in a really good school where phonics is taught, I still worry about the “sight word” approach that is being used for their spelling tests. I want them to learn to spell by the rules. My son has a great memory and will memorize the sight of a word rather than the rules. He is only in Kindgarten. That is why I have started the All about Spelling program with him. I figured that if we start now he will have the rules in his head so we can go over them when he gets to those sight words.
I have had to do quite a bit of “unlearning” myself as a homeschool mom! It’s not always easy to let go of the conveyor-belt method of traditional schooling and embrace different ways of educating my children. I hope to teach them not only the skills they need, but to foster within them a love for the learning lifestyle.
I like what someone once said……”Practice doesn’t make perfect, but practice does make permanent!”.
I am glad I get to teach my daughter about spelling first. She is only 5 but quickly picking up AAS Level 1 without any hiccups. Thank you for such a great program!
We are also “unlearning” a lot of spelling here! My daughter is in 5th grade and we have just begun using AAS for her, and will be starting with her brother also. He is 5 and we have started AAR with him. Still not clear how the programs are intended to be used together, but we are loving them both so far – and I know my daughter is going to make leaps and bounds with her spelling now – thank you for this program!!
Having my piano students unlearn bad habits is the worst part of accepting transfer students! It is a long, slow road to recovery. Thanks for discussing the great advantages of learning the correct way first!
I hear you, loud and clear. My daughter is struggling with some of the same issues. ESPECIALLY in writing!
I’m still trying to “unlearn” my 6th grader after 5 years in the public school system. He is a horrible speller.
My daughter is only in 1st grade and already I see, after reading two other articles in this recent newsletter, that I’m going to have to unlearn her the “When two vowels go walking…” and “Silent E” rules that she’s alreay learned. Thank goodness I started AAS level 1 with her this past summer and we’ve been working level 2 in parallel with her public school assignments this year. I can see the teachings about “e” and vowel pairs coming up in our AAS studies, so I’m confident we’ll be OK. Sure, my daughter can memorize a sight word, but it is when we discuss the phonograms, syllable types and rules involved with that word that she actually internalizes it and gets excited about it. Her spelling level is already well ahead of her peers thanks to AAS. I’m so grateful for this program!
The problem with unlearning is that you don’t really unlearn anything, you have to learn something else to use instead and use it and use it and use it until the new way of doing becomes a habit. The old way is still there, and still liable to interfere, as you know from your horseback riding example. This is what drives me crazy about discovery learning and invented spelling.
So true! And something we are working on in our house right now! I am so greatful I found AAS. It has been a big help for us!
I agree with the previous comment, that one doesn’t unlearn but rather learns something to use in place of. I, too, am a first time homeschool mom and am having to learn some ‘new’ ways of doing things pertaining to learning/teaching. Thankfully, I learned to read by phonics as a child (which I am told was very rare during my generation) and won’t have to focus on ‘unlearning’ as much as I will have to focus on learning the rules behind the spelling, which is funny b/c I am a great speller, but couldn’t tell you the rules of spelling?
I want to thank you so much for your tips, site, etc. My dd will start AAS in the spring during her 2nd half of Kindergarten. Then, I will be tutoring my 16 year old sister who is in public school and can’t spell very well at all. She does great in everything else and I have convinced her that she needs to learn to be a great speller, especially because she plans to be a veterinarian.
Thank you so much,
Marlana
we are just about to start aas with the new aar level 1. i am very excited to start my daughter off right!
i was never taught phonics or spelling well as a child. thus, i had to memorize almost everything. it worked for me, but if you ask me why, i can’t give you an answer. i am most nervious to teach my child to read and spell (without getting frustrated) due to my own lack of phonics and spelling education.
Enjoyed reading your comparsion. So many words of wisdom here. Love the blog and look forward to reading it each week.
I have always been a poor speller, and to this day, there are some words
that I can look at two ways of spelling, & I know one is wrong, but I can’t remember which one is right. Yes, it is hard to unlearn something. I am hoping I will improve along with my kids as we work through “All About Spelling”.
Yes, this is why inventive spelling can prove to be disastrous!
I see a huge difference between my 12 and 8-year-old’s spelling. My 12-year-old has been through several programs while my 8-year-old started with AAS.
I can see a difference between my 2 children using AAS. The 12-year-old has been through several programs, while the 8-year-old only knows the AAS way!
Great post and so true–learning the correct way the first time is so much easier than unlearning something later on!
Yes, actually I have some habits I have of spelling wrongly that I have to constantly remind myself of.
I seem to have the opposite problem with my 7-year-old son. When it comes to spelling, he is such a perfectionist that he will refuse to write a word if he’s not certain he’s going to spell it correctly. I am glad that he is eager to spell correctly, but this is a huge stumbling block for getting him to write. I hope to overcome this as his spelling skills and vocabulary grow, but for now it leads to frustration for both of us.
This is so true. When dd was very young someone told me not to correct her spelling when she wrote things not school related because I would kill her love for writing. The trouble with the advice was that she wrote things all the time and spelled with kindergarten phonetics. It’s been very difficult for her to unlearn the wrong spellings of some very basic words, but she’s coming around.
The whole handwriting/grip/letter formation issue is something that I personally struggle with with so many of my students. Can the wrong grip be unlearned? I’ve heard that after 3rd grade don’t waste your time trying to “undo” poor pencil grip.
My daughter went through three years of public school(K-2) before we kept her home…so much to undo! She struggles so much with comprehension of many concepts that I can only imagine how hard it was to not have anyone teaching her who had the time to teach to her brain/way of thinking :(
I am so glad that we have the chance now to help her re-learn with things like AAS so that she gets it! Thank you.
I love the AAS program. I am learning many spelling rules that I was never taught along with my kids. Since my kids have not been in public school, there is no need for them to “unlearn” cute little spelling jingles that only work for some of the words. AAS does a wonderful job of teaching the proper rules for spelling (especially on Silent E).
Such a great comparison. You’ve given me some food for thought. I have been homeschooling my girls for 8 years now and as we enter the upper grades I find there are still ideas and approaches to learning/ teaching that I need to unlearn from my schooling and replace with wisdom from God and mentors. I also seem to need to unlearn regularly ideas like what success really is, for my daughters, myself, and my family. You taking 2 years to unlearn your seat on a horse is so encouraging for me when I think of things I “should have” unlearned by now.
Totally agree. I find this especially true in teaching handwriting skills. If you let them “write” too long without teaching them correct letter formation, it is hard to re-train them when they officially start a handwriting program!
I hope to not make mistakes teaching them reading and spelling with your awesome curriculum. Unlearning is definitely harder than when you learn correctly from the get-go. We’ve had a blast so far doing AAR lel pre-1. Thanks!
WOW!!! This article really made me feel good. ONE reason because sometimes I feel so alone in this world. I have some many friends who are public school teachers and it seems like they blame me for my daughter’s struggles. I get tired of feeling so horrible every Sunday at church having to explain to her teacher why she is struggling. See I know what is wrong with my daughter. I know her struggles cause I work with her everyday but it seems like they don’t think I know anything.
I get told
Don’t you give her phonics. YES
Don’t you give her sight words. YES
Don’t you let her read every day and take comprehension tests. YES. She has a comprehension test after every story she reads and she passes it. They don’t believe it cause she reads so slow.
The truth is she passes her phonics, she passes her comprehension tests and she has vocabulary words every day which she always passes the vocab quizz.
she struggles with trying to figure out the words when she reads. So she reads very slow. Seems she is always trying to figure out if ea says e cause in some words it says a. or does y say i or e. does the first vowel say its name cause sometimes it doesn’t say its name. Seems she is caught up in the rules. She is worried about the rules. Sometimes she makes up her own word.
I have TRIED EVERYTHING. I worked with her all summer. I am going to keep trying until I figure out what works. i believe it is going to AAS. I just know it and I pray my husband sees it too. He has got to purchase it.
This is so true I am still trying to unlearn a lot of the bad techniques I learned when I was in public school so I don’t pass them onto my boys!
For those like me who learned how to type on a typewriter, it can be a challenge to break the habit of using two spaces after a period instead of one—which has been the standard in the publishing industry for years.
Great Story. I shared this story with my husband and my friends. Thank you for posting this story. I could relate.
This is the reason I purchased All About Spelling. My daughter was starting to make too many mistakes when writing stories and I could see the same mistakes happening over and over. I didn’t want them ingrained in her mind. All About Spelling has given her tools to spell correctly. Love it!
Hi Marie,
Is it too late using AAS for my son who is going to primary four next year?
I agree wholeheartedly! I once had to relearn ten years of flute playing in my first year at a conservatorium. I will never again learn an instrument with bad technique. It stands to reason that this holds for other endeavours too.
One of my children still attends public school and I notice the Teacher tends to ignore some misspelled words and correct others. I thought she didn’t want to tell the children that so many words needed to be corrected becauseit seemedtoo negative. Not knowing anybetter I went along with this butI now know and consider this life lesson you’resharing as confirmation that is better to correct it now. My daughter is attentive and didn’t understand why something was caught as incorrect this week when no one corrected her two weeks ago. To her it was correct, which made it all the more upsetting and difficult for her to accept the correction after the fact. She now receives more home instruction. AAS is making a solid foundational difference and she is learning to check her own spelling versus trusting the teacher so much.
Thanks for the article, it is a good reminder for all ages.
wow… I’ve been thinking about this! I’m homeschooling my 2 boys (6 and 1 y/o) My first language is Spanish and I’m holding back on teaching my older one things like spelling because I do not want to teach him wrong the first time.
I’m surprised that the things I have been teaching will have to be unlearned. Thank you for correcting this ole mom!
My daughter can spell and have all the letters but in the wrong order sometimes. Got her tested and she does not have dyslexia. My son has all the right letters correct order but the blends he may miss. He may forget that extra letter. He will re-read the word and say hay that’s so and so and not the word I want. All About Spelling will really help us work out the kinks we have if we could afford it.
My daughter, unfortunately, has learned an improper grip on her pencil. I know it may not seem like much but it is really difficult for her to let go of that bad habit; I’m not so sure that she will let loose of it.
I wish I would have known about AAS when we first started homeschooling. We are doing a lot of unlearning and reteaching this year!
I find that I am “unlearning” some things as I use All About Spelling with my children. Thanks for the ongoing education via your blog posts and newsletters!
Teaching a child who struggles is a huge task but it can be done! Helping them create a “new” path in their brain for the information is key. This is where direct teaching EVERY DAY is so important so you can interupt that incorrect learning pattern with the correct one! I used to be more inclined to let children discover things in the learning process, which does have its place, but not if they are a struggling reader! Now I know you have to be in there focusing them on the correct items and encouraging them every step!
So true, sometimes when I didn’t pay attention kids learn bad habits like spelling and pronouncing words incorrectly, or writing a letter in a wrong way. It takes much time to unlearn than learn it correct the first time.
When we started to homeschool my now 14 year old, we were told by our facilitator to just let him use invented spelling and that he will learn to spell better as he reads more. Well I can tell you this is NOT the way to go. He is a horrible speller, yet a prolific reader and writer….now at 14 he is starting the AAS method….I wish I had never let him learn to spell wrong only to have him unlearn 9 years of a bad habit….
Thanks for the great products and a way out of this horrible mess!
The unlearning is my job! I’m trying to help my daughter with her French homework and am having to unlearn a lot of french that I know (not that I know a lot :) I’m learning how bad my French really is!
I can completely relate! I feel I am trying to unlearn all the “handy tips” I learned (ie, silent e and vowel friends to name a few) growing up. Encouraged by what I am learning with ASS and what my four children are learning. Thanks!
So true. I’m hoping my kids won’t have too much to unlearn. Thanks for the article.
I love what others are saying here. Spelling was always a struggle for me. AAS has actually helped me be a better speller. I have had to unlearn many of the things I learned as a child. I love AAS and the way it is helping me teach my children.
This is our first year homeschooling, I have a 2nd grader and a preschooler. The big thing I had to help my oldest “unlearn” from being in public school is bad behaviors he learned from the other boys and significant loss of confidence. Bad behaviors only took a few months to correct, social confidence is back to normal…still working on a few other confidence areas, but we are almost there.
I’ve noticed a fear of unlearning (fear of not teaching it right the first time and having to unlearn) can sometimes lead to a procrastination of teaching.
I have twin struggling learners just beginning … we’ll we are redoing Grade 1 for the third time. Any help to clarify teaching for them would be appreciated – lest we befuddle them more than necessary. God leads us along, but with them slow step by slow step. Could this be an answer for them/us?
Great post. Thankfully my kids are starting at Kindergarten and PreK with homeschool but there are still some habits they picked up at Grandmas and one picked up at public PreK that they are having to unlearn!
That’s a very interesting post and I had never thought about it that way. My daughter taught herself to write and read, and she forms most of her letters starting at the bottom. It’s a struggle to try getting her to remember to start at the top.
I agree with this post a lot – we can apply this idea to many things we teach our children and things we allow ourselves to do. It is a lot easier to not do something then to form a habit doing something and try to break it. Many of lives bad habits falls under here. My Grandmother in Law – after smoking for 70 years has finally quit. This was a hard thing for her to unlearn. I am unlearning many things myself – I am trying to instil some good habits in my children and praying that along the way they don’t pick up many bad ones.
I did the same with my son–letting him form letters as he wished when he was very small. It is very frustrating (for both of us!) to unlearn those bad habits!
This is so very true!!! We are trying to unlearn Whole Language in my daughter and it is becoming VERY challenging! I am looking to implement your program!
I have had to go back and try to teach my children to unlearn some bad writing habits they formed in school. So, so hard!!
My son is unlearning incorrect pronunciation. For a while he could not pronounce c or k correctly and would use [t] sound. Now that he can make [k] sound he needs to unlearn the incorrect pronunciation of many words and learn to pronounce them correctly.
I truly never thought about the fact that it would be so hard to unlearn something. I will keep this in mind as I go about this journey in homeschooling.
I think it’s always easier to teach from ground zero than having to reteach bad habits or wrong learning. So thankful for AAS.
My daughter is 5 and we are just starting working on reading and writing. I am trying kindergarten and seeing if I like homeschooling. Now that i started I am seeing the benefits. She is really struggling forming letters and some letters take a lot of work. I don’t know what they use to teah letters in school but i know her teacher can show her how to form them but when she is struggling she won’t sit there and work with her until she gets it they will just move on even if she doesn’t know how to form her letters. Handwriting was always a weakness of mine. I doubt I learned good habits and it will be hard to change. I like how with homeschooling I can try to find things to help in areas she struggles in and she can learn things like spelling and grammar in a comprehensive way so it omes naturally.
We are in our first year of homeschooling (4th & 5th graders) and it has been a challenge to get my daughters to unlearn many things they learned at public school. For instance, their 1st grade teacher taught them how to count on their fingers instead of using touch math, so that is one thing they must unlearn. My youngest has severe spelling issues, and they never worked with her on her phonics in school. So, after speaking with the very nice gentleman at your company, we have decided that All About Spelling will be a truly wonderful gift for her.
I am planning to try AAS and AAR with my 5yo daughter. Although we have been learning spelling and reading she has been struggling. I was a little worried about her getting to far and then have to re-learn everything. Hopefully this program will make it easier and more fun for her!
I really need to find a spelling curriculum that will teach correct phonics rules year after year after year. I have found a phonics intervention program that I love and is getting my son on the right track. But we will have finished it in a year. Then what? I need something that reinforces and progresses building on what was learned in the previous year keeping him moving forward consistently.
Very interesting read!
My daughter is trying to unlearn ‘weird’. She always misspells it! Is there a rule? Do you offer a complete list of the spelling rules in one document?
It’s funny, my 10 year old was just talking about the same thing! He said to me, “Mom you know how everyone says practice makes perfect? But if you’re practicing it incorrectly the whole time it will never be perfect!” He got me on that one! Thank you for a well thought out, easy to use program. My boys have learned to read much better, in addition to spelling =)
I have experienced this many times, unlearning a habit is most definitely harder than learning a completely new thing.
This is the exact reason why I am very picky about what my young ones are taught. I know that if the foundation is built well from the beginning they will be able to be able to learn so much deeper than if they are continually having to relearn incorrect things.
So true and hits home! I have been dealing with unlearning the bad habit of doing too much for my kids instead of “handing them the reigns” to do and learn things by themselves. Why did I ever get into that habit in the first place? Because I wanted things done a certain tidy way and the control freak in me just thought it was faster to do it myself. Fast forward to child number 3 and I’m regretting it and relearning that it’s ok if the kids clothes aren’t folded just so and put in the drawers neatly and it’s ok if the dishwasher isn’t packed just the way I would do it. I had to learn to let go, to be free from my control because I realized I was doing a disservice to my children by not letting them be an active part of helping each other as a family community.
Enjoyed the comparison. We’ve definitely experienced some “unlearning” around here in all areas!
So true–I see this especially in math and handwriting, but also in spelling. My oldest has some false confidence from years of “memorizing” traditional spelling lists in public school. They never really stuck longer than the week they were assigned, and even when they were loosely grouped around a pattern (ie and ei for example), the rule was never made explicit. I love that All About Spelling is teaching her how to build the words from the ground up. Finally, we’re seeing progress that actually translates into her writing! I am so glad we “backed up” to unlearn bad habits and start at Level 1. Wish we’d found this when she was little.
Unlearning is a huge deal. Another reason to homeschool: so you don’t have to unteach false teaching your kids learn in public school (whether academic or behavioral).
As an adult I think we’re always trying to unlearn bad habits! I’m trying to teach my daughters good habits, but that can be hard at times.
My poor son had to “unlearn” math after the public schools totally screwed him up. Now that he is “unlearned” reteaching has been easy, but it took A LOT of work and tears to get him to do math correctly!
I was in both public school and private school as a child, and neither tauch me correctly, so through homeschooling my four children I have “relearned” everything again and discovered just how badly I was taught!
I can totally relate to this! I am having to relearn so many things everyday as a homeschooler!
Thank you so much for this article. It reaffirms my resolve to keep going with homeschooling my daughter. Rather than listening to those around me that public school would be so much easier I keep telling myself this is the right choice for us. . Your article reminds me that there is a price to be paid for having someone else teach my child. There is no easy way.
So true! I am struggling with my decision to homeschool right now but this helps me to know I am on the right track. Thanks for all your wonderful articles!
Great read! Loving this blog and all the wonderful information you provide. THANK YOU! We just started All About Reading Pre-Level 1 with my 4 year old and she is loving it. This is our second year using All About Spelling and I recommend it to all my friends. Thank you!
I am hoping to teach my son to “unlearn” his dislike of spelling. He is in the 4th grade and yours is our 4th spelling curriculum. We are starting it this week. I am also hoping it will help my daughter, who is in the 2nd grade, with her reading difficulties as it teaches the phonics rules with the spelling rules.
My son’s public school allows students to spell the way they hear words. Now in 2nd grade and his first year of homeschooling, he has to unlearn this way and learn how to spell correctly. It is so frustrating for him and for me. One thing that I’m learning to “unlearn” during our homeschool year is the mindset of “this is what he NEEDS to be doing” and let him progress at his own rate. He is such a smart boy but works painstakingly (my opinion) slow. Just today I was prodding him to do one math problem after the other (he’ll drift off to daydreaming) and he asked, “why did they call me slowpoke in public school?” (friends not teachers). What a reminder to me to carefully encourage him and not push him.
my older girls have huge issues with misspelling. i am struggling to help them unlearn. my boys thankfully do not have this issue, thanks to AAS :-)