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Reading Readiness: The Top 5 Skills

Young girl looking at book

Did you know that there are five skills your child should master before you begin formal reading instruction? Because these reading readiness skills are so important, we call them The Big Five Skills.

Although much of your child’s learning comes naturally as he plays and experiences life, there are some skills, like reading, that must eventually be taught. That may feel a little scary, but if you’ve taught your child how to pick up his toys or put on his socks, you can teach your child to read, too!

In this post, you’ll learn about the skills for reading readiness, and you’ll discover more than twenty fun ways you can help your preschooler or kindergartner develop in these areas. Let’s dig in!

5 Critical Skills for Reading Readiness

  1. Print Awareness

    Print awareness is the understanding that the print on a page represents words that have meaning and are related to spoken language.

    Open book

    To develop this skill:

    • Help your child learn how to hold a book correctly.
    • As you read books together, emphasize the fact that you’re reading from front to back and from left to right. Let your child turn the pages.
    • As your child helps you in the kitchen, point out the names on the food boxes and cans and the ingredients as you read your recipe.
    • Point out and read road signs and store signs as you travel in the car.
  2. Letter Knowledge

    Letter knowledge enables a child to recognize the letters of the alphabet and to know the names and sounds of each.

    Friendly letter A

    To develop this skill:

  3. Phonological Awareness

    It’s a big term, but it’s really quite basic. Phonological awareness is the ability to hear and identify the various sounds in spoken words.

    Dog with perked ear

    To develop this skill:

    • Read lots of nursery rhymes and rhyming picture books together. Encourage your child to anticipate rhyme as you read together.
    • Play clapping and rhyming games like Miss Mary Mack and Pat-a-Cake.
    • Sing silly songs by changing the first sound in some of the words. For example, sing, “Bingle bells, bingle bells, bingle all the bay,” or “If you’re chappy and you chow it, chap your chands.”
    • Play games that encourage children to identify words that begin with a specific letter sound. For example, say, “I spy with my little eye a color that starts with /r/.”
  4. Listening Comprehension

    Listening comprehension is the ability to understand the meaning of words heard and to relate to them in some way. A child with good listening comprehension has a wide vocabulary and a growing understanding of the world around him.

    To develop this skill:

    • Read aloud to your children daily. Read books that are in line with your child’s interests so he begins to realize that there is a benefit to learning to read.
    • Encourage even young children to interact with books.
    • Attend story time at the library.
    • Let your child see you enjoying books.
    • Make read-aloud time an enjoyable shared time. Here are some picture book lists to get you started.
  5. Motivation to Read

    Motivation to read is a child’s eagerness and willingness to read.

    Smiling cartoon boy

    To encourage your child:

    • Read both fiction and nonfiction books to your child.
    • As you read, ask open-ended questions. For example, ask “What do you think is going to happen when we turn the page?” or “Why did the boy go outside?”
    • Use everyday life experiences to build your child’s vocabulary.
    • Encourage imaginative play and storytelling.
  6. Determine if Your Child Is Ready to Read

    Have you been working to help your child develop these important pre-reading skills? If so, it’s very possible that your child is ready to begin formal reading instruction. But if you’re not sure whether your child is ready, complete this checklist to measure your child’s reading readiness:

    Download graphic for Reading Readiness Checklist - click to download

    After completing this checklist, you’ll be able to identify the pre-reading skills that your child still needs to work on. The All About Reading Pre-reading program makes it easy to fill in the gaps and get your child ready to read. Is your child already ready to read? If so, All About Reading Level 1 is the perfect starting point!

    One Final Note

    I’m a strong believer in letting kids be kids and not pushing academics too early. But I also know from extensive experience that most kids don’t develop reading readiness skills on their own. The All About Reading Pre-reading program strikes a good balance. In about 15 minutes per day (depending on your child’s attention span and abilities), this easy-to-use curriculum helps children develop all five of the Big Five Skills. The program includes crafts, rhyming and word games, alphabet charts, and lots of playful activities. And if you’ve never met Ziggy, you’re in for a treat!

    The majority of a young child’s day should be filled with play, real-life activities, and physical exploration. Add in just a touch of daily intentional instruction in these five reading readiness areas, and your child will have a huge advantage when it comes time to read.

    Do you have questions about reading readiness? Post in the comments below or contact us!

    Photo credit: Rachel Neumann

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JG

says:

Thanks for the list of concrete skills my little one needs for reading readiness. It helps to know where to focus!

Kayla Villarreal

says:

Thank you
This is very helpful!

Robin

says: Customer Service

You’re welcome, Kayla! Glad this was helpful.

Abby

says:

Helpful article and thankful for the printable checklist. I’ve got four boys age 6 and under and I can tell this is going to help me slow my roll on trying to do a more traditional approach to teaching and just make it more fun for everyone! Thanks!

Robin

says: Customer Service

You are so welcome, Abby. I’m happy this will be helpful for you in getting your children ready for reading success!

Heather

says:

When my second oldest was 3, I found her trying to sound out the word “triangle” one morning. I handed her a Bob book instead, and away she went 😄.

Robin

says: Customer Service

Oh, my! Sounds like she was super ready, Heather! What a great story!

Emily

says:

This list is really helpful. I’ve been wondering when my son will be ready since he knows most of the letters and sounds, but this gives me more to work on with him before trying to jump in to reading.

Robin

says: Customer Service

I’m glad this is helpful for you, Emily! Yes, there is more to being ready to learn to read than just knowing letters and sounds.

Let me know if you need help or more ideas for setting your son up for the best reading success!

Megan

says:

The only thing holding me back on starting my preschooler on your reading program is the phonological awareness. She still doesn’t seem to be able to recognize 1st and last sounds in words. She’ll look and me and say, “D -D – Mommy!”

Robin

says: Customer Service

Oh, that is cute, Megan! I’ve known more than a few children that did that sort of thing.

If you haven’t seen it already, check out the “Go Find It” game on our Fun Ways to Develop Phonological Awareness blog post. This game is fun, and it will also give you ideas for how to play similar games as you go for walks, take a drive, or whatever.

Start with first sounds, as they are easier than last. Also start with sounds that can be held out, such as vowel sounds, /f/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /s/, /sh/, /th/, /v/, and /z/. Then, when you say the word, hold out that first sound. Ask, “What is the first sound in aaaaant? Aaaaant. Lead your child to the correct answer at first! The concept can be as difficult to understand as the sound is to identify for some child. Once your child can identify the first sound in words that start with a sound that can be held out, then work on other sounds. “What is the first sound in the word tip? Tip.”

Only when she has mastered those, move to the last sound. And once she has some success with the last sound, you can start All About Reading Level 1.

Also, our Pre-reading Level works extensively on all the phonological awareness skills, including first and last sound. It may be helpful for your child to work through that level.

Let me know if you have questions or need anything else.

Leslie sotero

says:

I’m so excited for my son to begin learning to read with all about learning press

Abby

says:

Is there an age that’s “too young” to start? My almost 5 year old is very eager to learn how to read on his own

Jane

says:

I just got the pre-reading curriculum and my son was excited to start right away. This list is helpful to confirm that he’s ready.

Robin

says: Customer Service

Sound great, Jane! Let me know if you have questions or need anything.

Jessica Hickey

says:

Thank you, I can’t wait to start pre reading with my youngest. This is helpful.

Robin

says: Customer Service

I’m glad this was helpful for you, Jessica! You’re welcome.

Aiden

says:

This list was really helpful! My son has been saying he wants to learn to read and this helped show me we’re on the right track and ready to start! Thank you!

Robin

says: Customer Service

You’re welcome, Aiden! I’m glad this helped.

Melanie

says:

We have a game that my mum reminded me about. “I’m thinking of a word that sounds like mouse, we live in it, it’s called a ……” Then use whatever words and descriptions needed to get them to guess the word. My youngest can’t quite wrap his head around rhyming yet, so we are working on games like that. Love these suggestions here.

Robin

says: Customer Service

That sounds like a great game, Melanie! I hope you find these suggestions helpful as well. However, if you need more help or have specific concerns, please let us know. We are happy to help!

Heather

says:

We love this curriculum and have taught it to two of our children so far!

Nicki A.

says:

Great information as I plan curriculum with an upcoming kindergartener in the mix!

Robin

says: Customer Service

Glad this is helpful, Nicki! Let me know if you have questions about placement for your kindergartener or anything else.

Megan

says:

We’re plugging away on the phonological awareness (and have been for a long while) and I’m hoping the desire to read develops. He loves to be read to. I’m frustrated with how it’s going at kindergarten. My kindergartener shouldn’t already be telling people that he’s “bad at reading.”

Robin

says: Customer Service

Oh, I’m so sorry to hear your little learner already has a poor self-image regarding reading, Megan! How sad!

Has anyone else in your family ever struggled with reading? With my own struggling learning, know that his dad and his grandma, and his great-grandpa all struggled helped him so much! (Dyslexia runs in my husband’s side of the family.) All these people struggled, but became strong, success people, so my son knew he could do it too.

I would love to help you further with tips and recommendations specific to his needs. You can email with your concerns and questions at support@allaboutlearningpress.com, if you like.

Sandy

says:

This is a great list. So often we as homeschool parents want to jump right into reading without giving our kids a firm foundation to build on.

Robin

says: Customer Service

Yes, such a great point, Sandy! And it’s not just homeschool teacher’s that assume if a child knows letters he or she is ready to read. Many just aren’t aware of all the foundational skills necessary for a child to have success reading.

Melanie Gibbs

says:

I love this article!

Robin

says: Customer Service

Thank you, Melanie!

Sarah Huffman

says:

These tips are so helpful! Relieved to find we naturally do many of them, but also excited to try a few new ones!

Robin

says: Customer Service

I’m glad these tips are helpful for you, Sarah! Yes, many children develop these skills naturally through play and fun activities, but some children need more explicit instruction to master them.

Amber

says:

I love watching the fruit of this labor in my daughter now in level 2 of AAR! She loves to read – and it started with so many of these practical ideas!

Robin

says: Customer Service

This is so wonderful to hear, Amber! Thank you for sharing.

Hanna

says:

This curriculum looks great!

Robin

says: Customer Service

Thank you, Hanna!

Megan

says:

So thankful for this curriculum! It has brought my guy so far in such a short time.

Robin

says: Customer Service

Wonderful to hear, Megan! I’m glad your student is making good progress!

Typhanie

says:

Such a great post, and a great reminder to remember to meet children were they are!such a great post, and a great reminder to remember to meet children where they are

Robin

says: Customer Service

Thank you, Typhanie.

Lisa

says:

Interesting suggestion to start in different places of the alphabet when singing the alphabet. What is the reasoning for that?

Robin

says: Customer Service

Great question, Lisa!

As children become good readers and spellers, alphabetizing will become an important skill. Some children find they have to sing the entire Alphabet Song starting at A to be able to alphabetize, and that can make alphabetizing really slow. Needing to know where T comes in relation to R would mean singing 3/4s of the song!

But starting at other spots can make the alphabet easier and alphabetizing quicker. If a child needs to know where T fits in, she can start singing at Q.

However, I caution to only do this after the child can sing the entire alphabet song pretty well by herself. Then start introducing the idea of singing it starting at other places in the alphabet.

I hope this clears up the reasoning for that. Let me know if you have questions.

Aimee

says:

This is so helpful. I have a 5 year old wanting to read so this list gives me the confidence of what she has learned so far and ready to start Level 1.

Robin

says: Customer Service

I’m glad this was helpful, Aimee!

Vanessa

says:

This is great!

Diana Hernandez

says:

Started lesson one yesterday of AAR1 and my 5 year old loves it!!!

Joy

says:

My son is just about ready to start his journey to reading…and I’m so excited!

Robin E.

says: Customer Service

It is exciting, Joy!

Chisom esther

says:

Please am a teacher in crech I don’t know we’re to start from scheme of work

Robin E.

says: Customer Service

I’m happy to help if you have specific questions. However, this blog post is an excellent place to start. Students that have mastered these reading readiness skills have more ease and success with learning to read.

Kelsey Cameron

says:

If a child completes the pre-reading program successfully, will she have the skills to begin Reading 1? This seems obvious, I guess, but when I looked at the test for readiness for Reading 1, I was surprised by the reading test since pre-reading seems to be just letter/letter sounds…

Robin E.

says: Customer Service

Kelsey,
All the skills covered in the readiness test for All About Reading Level 1 are taught in the Pre-reading Level. Students that complete the Pre-reading Level will be ready for Level 1.

The Letter Knowledge skills may be more obvious with the focus on letter crafts and such in the Pre-reading Level, but the other skills are addressed as well.

When you read The Zigzag Zebra and Lizard Lou books (included in the Pre-reading Level) aloud, as well as when you do additional read-aloud time as scheduled in Teacher’s Manual, students develop Print Awareness, Motivation to Read, and Listening Comprehension.

The “Language Exploration” section of the Pre-reading Level lessons is all about Phonological Awareness, as well as some Listening Comprehension as well. These activities are carefully designed to incrementally increase in difficulty you move through the Pre-reading Level.

Take a look at the sample lessons for the Pre-reading Level to get a full picture of what each lesson includes and how all the reading readiness skills are addressed. You’ll find the samples here.

I hope this clears things up for you. Let me know if you have additional questions.

Anjali Chopra

says:

Hi ,
Thanks for these wonderful resources.I have a few queries-
1) Schools in India mostly follow jolly phonics.So if I followed this method for my kids ,would it not confuse them ?
2) How and when do we introduce All about Spelling-
a)After completing all about reading programme
b) Both to be done at different times of the day
c) Or introduce the spelling programme after completing a particular reading level
3)Approximately,at what age should we begin the pre-reading programme- Children in India begin playschool at 1.5 -2 years and formal preschools schools at 3+.So they are taught to identify the alphabets by 1.5 and learn the phonics simultaneously between 1.5 to 3.5 years

Robin E.

says: Customer Service

Good questions, Anjali.

For question 1:
Do you plan to use All About Reading and All About Spelling at home while your kids are still attending school elsewhere? If so, then there may be some times when your kids tell you, “That’s not what we learned at school.”

However, the ways All About Reading (AAR) and All About Spelling (AAS) differ from Jolly Phonics will be that Jolly Phonics skims over things or provides less instruction than AAR and AAS. For example, as I mentioned before, Jolly Phonics requires words like she, he, be, and we to be memorized. AAR and AAS teach children the phonics rules and patterns so that children can easily read and spell these words without having to memorize them.

One area that AAR and AAS may have more confusion is that they are written for American English. We have suggested adaptations for those that spell and pronounce words more closely to British English, but the flashcards and stories and so on will all have American spellings. Children tend to adapt easily to reading the differences between the two, and you will just require them to use the British spellings. I can provide you with documents that discuss the adaptations for British English if you like.

For question 2:
We recommend starting All About Spelling Level 1 when a student has finished All About Reading Level 1 or the equivalent reading level. Then your student will work separately in both All About Spelling and All About Reading each day, moving at their own pace in each. Most children move ahead and reading and we do not want to hold them back while they work on spelling. We have more information about this in our Right Time to Start Spelling blog post.

For question 3:
We have a Readiness Checklist to help you determine if your child is ready to begin the Pre-reading Level. Most children are ready for it at about age 4, give or take. We have had children as young as 2 complete it successfully, and some children as old as 6 or 7 have benefited from it.

Please note that the Pre-reading Level teaches far more than just letters and letter sounds. The Pre-reading Level covers all five of the reading readiness skills necessary for reading success. Learning the letters and their sounds is important, of course, but too often students that know letter sounds well still have trouble learning to read because they have not mastered phonological awareness skills. Our Reading Readiness: The Top 5 Skills blog post has more information about this.

I hope this clears some things up for you. Let me know if you have additional questions.